Combined instruments for the screening of dementia in older people with low education.

OBJECTIVE: To determine which combination of cognitive tests and informant reports can improve the diagnostic accuracy of dementia screening in low educated older people. METHOD: Patients with mild to moderate dementia (n=34) according to ICD-10 and DSM-III-R criteria and 59 older controls were assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Fuld Object Memory Evaluation (FOME). Informants were assessed using the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly and the Bayer-Activities of Daily Living Scale. RESULTS: The 4 instruments combined with the mixed rule correctly classified 100% and the logistic regression (weighted sum) classified 95.7% of subjects. The weighted sum had a significantly larger ROC area compared to MMSE (p=0.008) and FOME (p=0.023). The specificity of the tested combinations was superior to the MMSE alone (p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive tests combined with informant reports can improve the screening of mild to moderate dementia in low educated older people.

Combined instruments for the screening of dementia in older people with low Education / Instrumentos combinados para o rastreio de demência em idosos com baixo nível educacional

OBJECTIVE: To determine which combination of cognitive tests and informant reports can improve the diagnostic accuracy of dementia screening in low educated older people. METHOD: Patients with mild to moderate dementia (n=34) according to ICD-10 and DSM-III-R criteria and 59 older controls were assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Fuld Object Memory Evaluation (FOME). Informants were assessed using the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly and the Bayer-Activities of Daily Living Scale. RESULTS: The 4 instruments combined with the mixed rule correctly classified 100 percent and the logistic regression (weighted sum) classified 95.7 percent of subjects. The weighted sum had a significantly larger ROC area compared to MMSE (p=0.008) and FOME (p=0.023). The specificity of the tested combinations was superior to the MMSE alone (p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive tests combined with informant reports can improve the screening of mild to moderate dementia in low educated older people.

OBJETIVO: Determinar qual combinação de testes cognitivos e avaliações do informante pode melhorar o rastreio de demência em idosos com baixo nível educacional. MÉTODO: Pacientes com demência leve a moderada (n=34) de acordo com critérios da CID-10 e DSM-III-R, e 59 controles idosos foram avaliados com o Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) e com o "Fuld Object Memory Evaluation" (FOME). Informantes foram avaliados com o "Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly" e a escala Bayer-Atividades da Vida Diária. RESULTADOS: Os quatro instrumentos combinados com a regra mista classificaram 100 por cento e a regressão logística (soma ponderada) classificou 95,7 por cento dos sujeitos. A soma ponderada teve uma área da curva ROC significativamente maior comparada ao MEEM (p=0,008) e FOME (p=0,023). A especificidade das combinações testadas foi superior ao MEEM isolado (p=0,002). CONCLUSÕES: Testes cognitivos combinados com relatos dos informantes podem melhorar o rastreio de demência leve a moderada em idosos com baixo nível educacional.

Performance of Brazilian long and short IQCODE on the screening of dementia in elderly people with low education.

BACKGROUND: Dementia screening in elderly people with low education can be difficult to implement. For these subjects, informant reports using the long (L) (26 items) and short (C) (16 items) versions of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) can be useful. The objective of the present study was to investigate the performance of Brazilian versions of the IQCODE L, S and a new short version (SBr) (15 items) in comparison with the Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) for dementia screening in elderly people with low education. METHODS: Thirty-four patients with mild to moderate dementia, diagnosed according to ICD-10 criteria, and 57 controls were evaluated and divided into three groups based on their socioeconomic status and level of education. Patients were evaluated using the MMSE and the informants were interviewed using the IQCODE by interviewers blind to the clinical diagnosis. RESULTS: Education was correlated with MMSE results (r = 0.280, p = 0.031), but not with the versions of the IQCODE. The performance of the instruments, evaluated by the ROC curves, was very similar, with good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.97). MMSE correctly classified 85.7% of the subjects while the three IQCODE versions (L, S and SBr) correctly classified 91.2% of the subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The long, short and the new short Brazilian IQCODE versions can be useful as a screening tool for mild and moderate patients with dementia in Brazil. The IQCODE is not biased by schooling, and it seems to be an adequate instrument for samples with low levels of education.

Estimate of dementia prevalence in a community sample from São Paulo, Brazil.

AIMS: To estimate dementia prevalence and describe the etiology of dementia in a community sample from the city of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: A sample of subjects older than 60 years was screened for dementia in the first phase. During the second phase, the diagnostic workup included a structured interview, physical and neurological examination, laboratory exams, a brain scan, and DSM-IV criteria diagnosis. RESULTS: Mean age was 71.5 years (n = 1,563) and 58.3% had up to 4 years of schooling (68.7% female). Dementia was diagnosed in 107 subjects with an observed prevalence of 6.8%. The estimate of dementia prevalence was 12.9%, considering design effect, nonresponse during the community phase, and positive and negative predictive values. Alzheimer's disease was the most frequent cause of dementia (59.8%), followed by vascular dementia (15.9%). Older age and illiteracy were significantly associated with dementia. CONCLUSIONS: The estimate of dementia prevalence was higher than previously reported in Brazil, with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia being the most frequent causes of dementia. Dementia prevalence in Brazil and in other Latin American countries should be addressed by additional studies to confirm these higher dementia rates which might have a sizable impact on countries' health services.

Proton spectroscopy in Alzheimer's disease and cognitive impairment no dementia: a community-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the findings of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cognitive impairment, no dementia (CIND) elderly from a community-based sample. METHODS: Thirteen patients with AD, 12 with CIND and 15 normal individuals were evaluated. The (1)H-MRS was performed in the right temporal, left parietal and medial occipital regions studying the metabolites N-acetylaspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr), choline (Cho) and myoinositol (mI). The clinical diagnosis was based on standardized cognitive tests - MMSE and CAMDEX - and the results correlated with the (1)H-MRS. RESULTS: Parietal Cho was higher in control individuals and lower in CIND subjects. AD and control groups were better identified by temporal and parietal mI combined with the temporal NAA/Cr ratio. CIND was better identified by parietal Cho. CONCLUSION: The (1)H-MRS findings confirmed the hypothesis that metabolic alterations are present since the first symptoms of cognitively impaired elderly subjects. These results suggest that combining MRS from different cerebral regions can help in the diagnosis and follow-up of community elderly individuals with memory complaints and AD.

Prevalence of cognitive and functional impairment in a community sample from São Paulo, Brazil.

AIMS: To present the prevalence of cognitive and functional impairment (CFI) in community-dwelling elderly subjects from the city of São Paulo. METHODS: The population was aged 60 years and older (n = 1,563; 68.7% women and 31.3% men) and lived in different socioeconomic areas. The following instruments were administered to the elderly: the Mini Mental State Examination and the Fuld Object Memory Evaluation. The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly and the Bayer-Activities of Daily Living scale were administered to an informant. RESULTS: The prevalence of CFI (n = 250) was 16% (95% confidence interval, CI: 14.2-17.8%) or 15.8% (95% CI: 13.8-17.8%). In regression models, the increase in the odds ratio (OR) of CFI was associated with age, for elderly individuals aged 75 years or older, illiterates or with 1-4 years of schooling, and with a history of stroke and diabetes mellitus. On the other hand, for subjects with a tumor history, the OR of CFI was significantly reduced. CONCLUSION: CFI was high and increased at older ages and in subjects with low education. Potentially changeable factors were identified (stroke and diabetes), and the possible 'protective effect' of tumor/cancer against CFI should be further investigated by longitudinal studies.

The Bayer: Activities of Daily Living Scale (B-ADL) in the differentiation between mild to moderate dementia and normal aging

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the applicability of the Bayer - Activities of Daily Living scale and its efficiency in differentiating individuals with mild to moderate dementia from normal elderly controls. METHOD: We selected 33 patients with diagnosis of mild to severe dementia, according to ICD-10 criteria, and 59 controls. All the subjects were evaluated with the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale and the Bayer - Activities of Daily Living scale was applied to informants. RESULTS: The internal consistency of the Bayer - Activities of Daily Living was high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.981). Mean Mini-Mental State Examination and Bayer - Activities of Daily Living scores of demented patients and controls were significantly different (p < 0.001). Mean Mini-Mental State Examination and Bayer - Activities of Daily Living scores were significantly different between Clinical Dementia Rating Scale 0 (controls; n = 59) versus Clinical Dementia Rating Scale 1 (mild dementia; n = 15), Clinical Dementia Rating Scale 0 versus Clinical Dementia Rating Scale 2 (moderate dementia; n = 13), and for Clinical Dementia Rating Scale 1 versus Clinical Dementia Rating Scale 2 (p < 0.003). DISCUSSION: The Bayer - Activities of Daily Living scale and Mini-Mental State Examination differentiated elderly controls from patients with mild or moderate dementia, and patients with mild dementia from those with moderate dementia. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the Bayer - Activities of Daily Living scale applied to an informant can help in the diagnosis and follow-up of Brazilian patients with mild to moderate dementia.

OBJETIVOS: Investigar a aplicabilidade da escala Bayer - Atividades de Vida Diária e sua eficiência em diferenciar indivíduos com demência leve a moderada de indivíduos normais. MÉTODO: Foram selecionados 33 pacientes com diagnóstico de demência leve a grave, de acordo com os critérios da CID-10, e 59 controles. Todos os indivíduos foram avaliados pelo Mini-Exame do Estado Mental e pela Escala de Avaliação Clínica de Demência e os informantes responderam à Bayer - Atividades de Vida Diária. RESULTADOS: A consistência interna da Bayer - Atividades de Vida Diária foi alta (Cronbach Alpha = 0,981). A pontuação média do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental e da Bayer - Atividades de Vida Diária foi significativamente diferente entre os pacientes com demência e o grupo controle (p < 0,001). Os valores do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental e da Bayer - Atividades de Vida Diária foram significativamente diferentes entre a Escala de Avaliação Clínica de Demência 0 (controles; n = 59) e a Escala de Avaliação Clínica de Demência 1 (demência leve; n = 15), a Escala de Avaliação Clínica de Demência 0 e a Escala de Avaliação Clínica de Demência 2 (demência moderada; n = 13) e entre a Escala de Avaliação Clínica de Demência 1 e a Escala de Avaliação Clínica de Demência 2 (p < 0,003). DISCUSSÃO: A Bayer - Atividades de Vida Diária e o Mini-Exame do Estado Mental diferenciaram controles idosos de pacientes com demência leve ou moderada, e pacientes com demência leve daqueles com demência moderada. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados sugerem que a Bayer - Atividades de Vida Diária, aplicada aos cuidadores, é um instrumento que pode ajudar no diagnóstico e seguimento de pacientes brasileiros com demência leve a moderada.

The Bayer: Activities of Daily Living Scale (B-ADL) in the differentiation between mild to moderate dementia and normal aging.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the applicability of the Bayer - Activities of Daily Living scale and its efficiency in differentiating individuals with mild to moderate dementia from normal elderly controls. METHOD: We selected 33 patients with diagnosis of mild to severe dementia, according to ICD-10 criteria, and 59 controls. All the subjects were evaluated with the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale and the Bayer - Activities of Daily Living scale was applied to informants. RESULTS: The internal consistency of the Bayer - Activities of Daily Living was high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.981). Mean Mini-Mental State Examination and Bayer - Activities of Daily Living scores of demented patients and controls were significantly different (p < 0.001). Mean Mini-Mental State Examination and Bayer - Activities of Daily Living scores were significantly different between Clinical Dementia Rating Scale 0 (controls; n = 59) versus Clinical Dementia Rating Scale 1 (mild dementia; n = 15), Clinical Dementia Rating Scale 0 versus Clinical Dementia Rating Scale 2 (moderate dementia; n = 13), and for Clinical Dementia Rating Scale 1 versus Clinical Dementia Rating Scale 2 (p < 0.003). DISCUSSION: The Bayer - Activities of Daily Living scale and Mini-Mental State Examination differentiated elderly controls from patients with mild or moderate dementia, and patients with mild dementia from those with moderate dementia. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the Bayer - Activities of Daily Living scale applied to an informant can help in the diagnosis and follow-up of Brazilian patients with mild to moderate dementia.

Prevalence of cognitive and functional impairment in a community sample in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at estimating the prevalence of cognitive and functional impairment (CFI) in a community sample in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, evaluating its distribution in relation to various socio-demographic and clinical factors. METHODS: The population was a representative sample aged 60 and older, from three different socio-economic classes. Cluster sampling was applied. Instruments used to select CFI (a syndromic category that does not exclude dementia): 'Mini Mental State Examination' (MMSE), 'Fuld Object Memory Evaluation' (FOME), 'Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly' (IQCODE), 'Bayer Activities of Daily Living Scale' (B-ADL) and clinical interviews. The data obtained were submitted to bivariate and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A sample of 1.145 elderly persons was evaluated, with a mean age of 70.9 years (60-100; DP: 7.7); 63.4% were female, and 52.8% had up to 4 years of schooling. CFI prevalence was 18.9% (n = 217). Following logistic regression analysis, higher age, low education, stroke, epilepsy and depression were associated with CFI. Female sex, widowhood, low social class and head trauma were associated with CFI only on bivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: CFI prevalence results were similar to those found by studies in Brazil, Puerto Rico and Malaysia. Cognitive and functional impairment is a rather heterogeneous condition which may be associated with various clinical conditions found in the elderly population. Due to its high prevalence and association with higher mortality and disability rates, this clinical syndrome should receive more attention on public health intervention planning.

Cognitive rehabilitation combined with drug treatment in Alzheimer's disease patients: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: To study the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation combined with acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChE-I) treatment in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease and their relatives. METHOD: Thirteen patients with mild Alzheimer's disease treated with rivastigmine 6-12 mg/day for more than two months started cognitive rehabilitation training. Before and after the cognitive rehabilitation training patients were assessed through cognitive tests, activities of daily living scale, neuropsychological battery and scales to evaluate caregivers' depressive and anxiety symptoms. Six patients were randomized to a combined treatment group (AChE-I plus cognitive rehabilitation and caregiver support) and seven patients to a control group (AChE-I only) and followed up for five months. RESULTS: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores (p = 0.047) and backward digit span scores (p = 0.018) were significantly different between the groups on follow-up. The combined treatment group showed a better positive treatment effect on cognitive and neuropsychological tests applied to patients and reduction of psychiatric symptoms was observed in their caregivers (nonsignificant). CONCLUSION: Cognitive rehabilitation associated with AChE-I treatment can potentially be useful to stabilize or improve cognitive and functional performance of patients with mild Alzheimer's disease and can reduce caregivers' psychiatric symptoms.

Espectroscopia de prótons na doença de Alzheimer e no comprometimento cognitivo sem demência: estudo de uma amostra comunitária / Proton spectroscopy in Alzheimer's disease and cognitive impairment not dementia: a community study

OBJETIVO: Descrever os achados da espectroscopia de prótons (¹H-ERM) na doença de Alzheimer (DA) e no comprometimento cognitivo sem demência (CIND) em uma amostra da comunidade. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados seis pacientes com DA, sete com CIND e sete controles normais, originários da comunidade. ¹H-ERM foi realizada com voxel de 8 cm³ nas regiões temporal direita, parietal esquerda e occipital medial e estudados os metabólitos: N-acetilaspartato (NAA), creatina (Cr), colina (Cho) e mio-inositol (mI). RESULTADOS: O NAA foi maior nos indivíduos controles do que nos DA e intermediário no CIND. Análise de função discriminante mostrou que as associações Cr parietal-Cr occipital e Cr parietal-Cho occipital identificaram corretamente 92,3 por cento da amostra comparando Controle vs DA. Na comparação Controle vs CIND O mI temporal identificou corretamente 78,6 por cento dos indivíduos. CONCLUSÃO: A espectroscopia pode contribuir para o diagnóstico e seguimento de indivíduos com comprometimento cognitivo; avaliações de pacientes da comunidade podem revelar achados diferentes quanto à distribuição dos metabólitos cerebrais.

[Proton spectroscopy in Alzheimer's disease and cognitive impairment not dementia: a community study]. / Espectroscopia de prótons na doença de Alzheimer e no comprometimento cognitivo sem demência: estudo de uma amostra comunitária.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-ERM) data in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Cognitive Impairment Not Dementia (CIND) in a community sample. METHOD: We investigated subjects with AD (n=6), CIND (n=7) and normal control (n=7). 1H-ERM was performed with single voxel (8 cm3) placed in temporal, parietal and occipital regions and studied metabolites were: N-acetylaspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr), choline (Cho) and myo-inositol (mI). RESULTS: NAA concentration was higher in control subjects than AD and intermediated in CIND patients. Cho parietal plus occipital and Cr parietal plus Cho occipital classified correctly 92.3% of subjects Control vs AD. Temporal mI classified 78.6% of subjects between Control vs CIND. CONCLUSION: Spectroscopy can be used in the diagnosis and follow-up of individuals with cognitive impairment; evaluation of community subjects may show different patterns of brain metabolites distribution.

[Combined instruments on the evaluation of dementia in the elderly: preliminary results]. / Instrumentos combinados na avaliação de demência em idosos: resultados preliminares.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if a functional scale combined with a cognitive test would improve the diagnostic accuracy of dementia. METHOD: Thirty patients with mild to moderate dementia, diagnosed according to ICD-10 and DSM-III-R criteria, and 46 elderly controls, divided into three groups according to their socioeconomic status and educational level (high, medium and low) were investigated. The subjects were assessed with the MMSE, and their informants were assessed with the scales IQCODE and B-ADL. RESULTS: On the logistic regression, the MMSE isolated classified correctly 86.8% of patients and controls (80% sensitivity and 91.3% specificity). The combination MMSE + IQCODE classified correctly 92.1% of the subjects (83.3% sensitivity and 97.8% specificity), and the combination MMSE + B-ADL classified correctly 92.1% of subjects (86.7% sensitivity and 95.7% specificity). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the combination of a cognitive test with a functional scale can improve the detection of mild to moderate cases of dementia even on samples of a very heterogeneous population regarding its socioeconomic status and educational level, as the Brazilian.

Instrumentos combinados na avaliaçäo de demência em idosos: resultados preliminares / Combined instruments on the evaluation of dementia in the elderly: preliminary results

OBJETIVO: Investigar se a combinaçäo de uma escala de avaliaçäo funcional com um teste cognitivo poderia melhorar a precisäo do diagnóstico de demência. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 30 pacientes com diagnóstico de demência leve a moderada, segundo critérios da CID-10 e DSM-III-R e 46 controles idosos, divididos em grupos segundo seu nível socioeconômico e educacional (alto, médio e baixo). Nos sujeitos foi aplicado o MMSE, e em seus informantes as escalas IQCODE e B-ADL. RESULTADOS: Pela regressäo logística, o MMSE isolado classificou corretamente 86,8 por cento dos pacientes e controles (sensibilidade 80 por cento e especificidade 91,3 por cento). A combinaçäo MMSE + IQCODE classificou corretamente 92,1 por cento dos sujeitos (sensibilidade 83,3 por cento e especificidade de 97,8 por cento), e a combinaçäo MMSE + B-ADL classificou corretamente 92,1 por cento dos sujeitos (sensibilidade 86,7 por cento e especificidade 95,7 por cento). CONCLUSÄO: Os resultados sugerem que a combinaçäo de um teste cognitivo a escalas funcionais pode melhorar a detecçäo de casos leves ou moderados de demência, mesmo em amostras de populaçäo heterogênea com relaçäo ao nível sócio-econômico e educacional como a brasileira

[Cognitive rehabilitation in Alzheimer's disease patients: multidisciplinary team report]. / Reabilitação cognitiva em pacientes com doença de Alzheimer: Relato de trabalho em equipe multidisciplinar.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to show preliminary results of the 'combined treatment' (acetylcholinesterase inhibitor + cognitive training) on a group of mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, followed-up for 7 months. METHODS: Six mild AD patients, diagnosed according to ICD-10 and NINCDS-ADRDA criteria, were included on a open trial with Rivastigmine, 6-12 mg/day, for 2 months, followed by a weekly cognitive rehabilitation group, for 5 months. Caregivers were submitted to a weekly group of counseling and support for 5 months. RESULTS: Stabilization or mild improvement of patients' cognitive and activities of daily living deficits were found, besides reduction of patients and caregivers' depressive and anxiety levels. CONCLUSION: The 'combined treatment' can help on the stabilization or result on a mild improvement of AD patients' cognitive and functional deficits. Support and counseling interventions can reduce the levels of caregivers' psychiatric symptoms.

Reabilitaçäo cognitiva em pacientes com doença de Alzheimer: Relato de trabalho em equipe multidisciplinar / Cognitive rehabilitation in Alzheimer's disease patients: multidisciplinary team report

OBJETIVO: Apresentar resultados preliminares do 'tratamento combinado' (inibidor da acetilcolinesterase + treinamento cognitivo), em um grupo de pacientes com doença de Alzheimer (DA) leve, acompanhados por 7 meses. MÉTODO: Seis pacientes com diagnóstico de DA leve, de acordo com critérios diagnósticos da CID-10 e NINCDS-ADRDA, foram submetidos a ensaio clínico aberto com Rivastigmina, 6-12 mg/dia, por 2 meses, seguido por grupo de reabilitaçäo cognitiva semanal, por 5 meses. Os familiares/cuidadores foram atendidos em grupo semanal de suporte e aconselhamento, por 5 meses. RESULTADOS: Ao final do acompanhamento, houve: estabilizaçäo ou discreta melhora dos déficits cognitivos e das atividades de vida diária dos pacientes; estabilizaçäo ou reduçäo dos níveis de depressäo e ansiedade nos pacientes e familiares. CONCLUSÄO: O 'tratamento combinado' pode auxiliar na estabilizaçäo ou resultar em leve melhora dos déficits cognitivos e funcionais de pacientes com DA leve. As intervençöes de suporte e aconselhamento podem reduzir o nível de sintomas psiquiátricos de seus familiares. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: demência, doença de Alzheimer, inibidor da acetilcolinesterase, reabilitaçäo cognitiva, atividades de vida diária, cuidadores